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E 181 
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1865 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




011 528 373 A 



y ANDREW ^BOYD, COMPILER. 




WAR 



Following ■will be found a brief .synopsis of American wars, in the 
order in ■which they occurred. 

rUENCII WAR, 1754. 

The French war with the thirteen English American colonies com- 
menced in 1754, and lasted nine years. The taking of Fort Niagara 
and Quebec, in 1759, virtually closed the war — peace Mas formally 
concluded in 1TG3. 

THE AMEEIC.'VN REVOLUTION, 1775. 

The first blood shed was in Lexington, Mass., on the 19tli of April, 
IT 75, by the British soldiers from Boston, who were ordered to fire on 
the militia. [On i/ic same day and month, 1861,^//? Federal troops, 
u-hile passing through Baltimore, to defend Washington, were fired upon 
by the secession mob, and several killed.) There were twenty-four main 
battles fought, commencing in April, 1775, and ending with the bat- 
tle of Yorktown, October 19, 1781. AVe had fifteen victories and 
nine defeats. There were engaged 231,791 Continental soldiers. In 
December, 1783, the treaty of peace was signed, and the patriot army 
disbanded. 

WAR WITH THE NORTH-WESTERN INDIANS, 1791. 

Two chief battles, one Nov. 4, 1791, and August 30, 1794. 

*. 

WAR WITH FRANCE, 179G— 8. 

War was declared against France. No })attles were fought on 
land, but two extremely bloody ones took place on the ocean. In 
1800, Bonaparte being in authority, peace was soon restored. 

WAR WITH TRIPOLI, 1801. 

War was declared ngainst those states for piracy on, and exacting 
duties from, our merchant vessels. Peace was restored in 1805. 

BURR'3 CONSPIRACY, 1806. 

The conspiracy of Aaron Burr was first discovered in September, 
1806. Jn May, 1807, he was arraigned at Richmond, Va., on a charge 
of treason. The affair was settled. 



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*2 , WHEELIING DIRECTORY. 

WAB WITH WESTERN INDIANS, 1811. , 

Geu. Harrison defeated the Indians, under Tecumseh, December 11, 
1811. Great loss on both sid-'p. 

WAR V.Ti'H ENGLAND, 1812. 

June 16, 1812, war was declared against Great Britain. , There 
were thirty-four main battles by land and sea. In twenty-five we were 
victorious, and defeated in nine. Xew Orleans was the last fight, in 
which the British forces lost 2,500, and the Americans seven killed 
and six wounded. Peace was ratiiled by England, December, 1814, 
and by tlie United States, February, 1815. 

BLACK HAWK WAR, 1832, 

was commenced August, 1832. Gen. Atkinson captured Red Bird,. 
and his successor. Black Hawk. Difficulties ended in same year. 

CONSPIRACY OF 1832. 

South Carolina opposed the tiiriff of '28. Georgia, Virginia, and 
Alabama, sided with her in nullification. The Governor of South 
Carolina prepared to enforce the resistance. Mr. Calhoun, Vice-Pres- 
ident of the United States, resigned. But General Jackson declared 
nullification to be revolution ; that the Union must be preserved, and 
he prepared to enforce his decrees by arms. The prompt decision of 
the President brought the nullifiers to submission, and the Union was 
saved. 

TEX.\S WAR AVITH MEXICO, 1835, 

First battle fought October, 1835. Five main battles succeeded. 
Ended in April, 1846. Four victories and two defeats. 

WAR WITH FLORIDA INDIANS, 1835. 

First battle fought December, 1835. L6st one in December, 1836. 
Three victories and oue defeat. 

WAR WITH MEXICO, 1846. 

First battle May 3, 1846. Last one at Chepultepcc, September, 
184*1. Fifteen main battles. In all, we were victorious, Massachu- 
setts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illi- 
nois, furnished, in the course of that war, 22,513 men. Of this force 
the total loss from disease was 2,981 men. Nine slave states — Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, Tennessee, and Kentucky — furnished 22,899 men. The 
loss from this force by disease, and death caused by disease, was 
4,315. 

REBELLION OF 1861. 

When the Presidential election of 1860 approached, the Democratic 
convention was held at Charleston. The ultra Southerners took an ex- 
treme position upon the slavery question. The moderate Democrats 
of tbe North could not sustain them. The party split, and the ultraists 






WHEELING DIRECTORY. *3 



uominated Breckenridge, and f!i!! other faction iiomiiiatcd Douglas, as 
candidates for the Presidency. Tn ■ llei)ublic'aii convention nominated 
Tjincoln, of Illinois; and liic con-;iitutional Union men, Bell, of Ten- 
nessee. The campaign was an exciting one, full of par^'.y animosity, 
and hard fought. In the result, Lincoln liatl 180, Douglas 12, Bell 
39, and Beckcnridge 72 of the votes of the Electoral College. The 
Republican candidate was declared elected President of the United 
States. The South, forgetting the duty of the minority to yield, and, 
aided by those in the confidence of the Government, commenced 
plotting for rebellion and civil war. 

The following states seceded from tlio Union to form a Con- 
federacy : 

1860, Dec. 20, South Carolina. 

1861, Jan. 10, Mississippi, Florida ; Jan. 11, Alabama ; Jau. 19, 
Georgia ; Jan. 25, Louisiana ; Feb. 1, Texas ; April 25, Virginia ; 
May 6, Arkansas, Tennessee ; May 21, North Carolina. 

Feb. 9. The Southern congress met at Montgomery, Ala., and 
elected Jefferson Davis, of ^Mississippi, President of the so-called 
southern confederacy, and Alexander II. Stephens of Georgia, Vice 
President. The Constitution of tlie United States, witli amendments, 
was adopted. The President was inaugurated on the 18th 22. 
Abraham Lincolu, President elect of the United States, broke up the 
programms of his route to Washington, and left Ilarrisburgh, Pa., 
secretly in a special train for the Federal capitol, assurances having 
been given him that an attempt would be made to assassinate him on 
his way through Maryland. On the 4th of March, he was duly inau- 
gurated. The ceremonies were attended with great pomp. Gen. Scott 
had upv/ards of 600 troops stationed about tlie capitol, in anticipation 
of an outbreak. No disturbance took place. 

April 11. Fort Sumter, in Cliarleston harbor, was demanded by the 
South to surrender. Maj. Anderson refused. At 4 a.m., on the 12th, 
nineteen batteries opened fire upon him — fighting on both sides all 
day. On the 13th, after an attack of thirty-three hours, the frame 
buildings in the fort took fire from the hot shot from Fort Moultrie. 
Major Anderson Wtis compelled to surrender, conditioning, however, 
that himself and men be allowed to depart, taking their side arms, at 
their own time, in their own way, and saluting the flag when taking it 
down, which they did with fifty guns. Two men were killed in firing 
the last gun in the salute. They were buried at t!ie foot of the flag- 
staff". The men marched out playing Yankee Doodle, kt\, and sailed 
for New York. Thus South Carolina initiated the rebellion, with 
5,000 men and nineteen batteries attacking a garrison of sixty half 
starved men. 

15. The President made his first call for volunteers (75,000,) to 
maintain the laws of the United States. 17. The 6Lh Massachusetts 
regiment was the first to respond. On their way through Baltimore 
on the 19th, they were attacked by a mob, wlio killed three soldiers 
and wounded eight, and lost eleven killed aud four wounded. The 



44 WHEELING DIRECTORY. 

President issued a jn'oclamation declaring a blockade of tlie ports of 
the seceded states. 

1865. 

"PEACE PllOCLAIMED THEOUGHOUT THE L.VND." 

" Let tlie bells peal welcome. Let the sliout pass on alonj^ our 
streets, and everywhere let children, who will tell it to their children, 
hail the heroes who have won the figlit, and greet them with the 
aong," 

" Victory at last." 

After four years of fearful war — after one of the greatest struggles 
the world has known, success has crowned both right and might,' decid- 
ing that " This Union is one. and inseparalk," and that freedom and 
universal liberty belong to all who dwell in this great country — half 
brother to the world — a country where good and bad, the great or 
poor and oppressed of every land find shelter and a home. 

Peace, smiling peace ! returns to bless us, and those who fought in 
the great fight are going home, their breasts with rapture filled, for it 
is their day of hope and pride ; but ah, how many will not return ! 
How many firesides will have a vacant chair ! Peace will not bring 
joy to the hearts bowed down with grief for the loved and lost. AVhcu 
the armies are marching home, proudly keeping step to the drum, 
little children will run up and look in vain for the parental greeting ; 
mothers will gaze, ah ! how hopelessly, upon every form for that of 
her dear boy, and wives, with their hearts full of love, will stand on 
tip-toe, almost breathless with hoj^e, and joy, and fear, to catch the 
first fond glance of him whose long absence she has so nobly borne ; 
some will be gratified — many will look and wait in vain ; but over the 
graves of the absent heroes the grass will grow greener thau on any 
part of the field 

O, may we all become a united and happy people again, and may 
each State once more become a " bright particular star" in tlae coronet 
of this unequalled nation ; and in time of peace or war, in time of 
trouble or piosperity, ever defend 

" That banner with the proud device, 
Excelsior." 



Assassination of President Lincoln and Secre- 
tary Seward. 

The Nineteenth Presidential Term of four years, ended on the 3d of 
March, 1865. 

Mr. Lincoln was re-elected for the Twentieth Presidential Term, to 
commence on the 4th of March, 1865, with Andrew Johnson, of Tenu., 
as Vice President. 

On Friday evening, Ajiril 14, 1865, while the President was in the 



\7IIEELING DIRECTORY. 45 



private box of a AVashington theatre, John Wilkes Bootli entered un- 
observed and sliot hiin in the head, tiien leaped down npon the staLce, 
fell and fi'actui'od his leg, hut was up in an instant, and brandisliing- a 
dagger, shouted the motto of Virginia, " Sic semper tyrannise lie 
made his escape to the rear and vanished. About the same hour 
Secretary Seward, who was lying in bed from a broken arm, was 
attacked Iw an assassin, who inflieted several stabs upon him, wiiich 
have not proved fatal, and nearly killed his son, Frederick, and attiend- 
ants, who tried to defend him ; he also made his escape. It now seems 
there was a ])lot to assassinate the whole Cabinet and Lieutenant- 
GeneralU. S. Grant. On Wednesday morning, April 26th, Booth, 
with an accomplice named Harold, was discovered in a barn near Port 
llt)Yal, on the Rappahannock, and refusing to surrender, the barn was 
lired ; his companion then gave lunisclf up, and Booth was shot in the 
head ; he lingered in such great agony as to beg his captors to kill 
him ; he died in three or four hours afterwards. 

President Lincoln never spoke after receiving tlie cruel shot, and 
(lied on the following morning at twenty-two minutes after seven, his 
face assuming a placid look as if going into a sweet sleep. Thus 
))assed away the good, kind, honest Abraham Lixcolx, not by the 
natural course of disease, nor in the accepted peril of war, but by the 
foul shot of an assassin, just when his efforts were being crowned with 
success in putting down tlie most gigantic rebellion the world ever 
witnessed. He made an idol of his country, and died a martyr for his 
integrity. For four years " a merciful Providence preserved him to 
tlie Nation — to defend its princii'les. to guide its councils, and to lead 
it outfrom the bloody de))ths of a terrible war into the bright sun- 
light of a blessed peace. But in this first moment of high hope — when 
the dark cloud of war was breaking — when Peace was spreading her 
wings over the land — when all were buoyant with gladness — when the 
great heart of our murdered Chief was palpitating with joy at the fast 
coming time when bloodshed and slaughter should cease — and while 
seeking to know how he could best temper Mercy with Justice in 
dealing with those who, bv their crimes, have draped the land in 
mourning — in this hour of security and repose, he was cruelly and 
brutally murdered." 

On the 19th of April, 1775, this Nation was born in blood on the 
battle-field of Lexington. On the same day, 1861, it^vas new-born in 
the streets of Baltimore, by Massachusetts troops. On the same day, 
1865, there was weeping and mourning throughout the land, and 
solemn pubhc prayers were held, for Abrahax Lincoln' had gone 
through the gate of blood to join the noble army of our Country's 
Martyrs who had gone before him. May 4th, his remains were interred 
in Springfield, Illinois. " Men die, but principles live forever." 

On Wednesday, July 5th, sentence was passed by the Military 
Court upon the conspirators connected with the murder of President 
Lincoln, and was approved the same day by President Johnson, to be 
carried into effect on the 7th. The sentence was that Mrs, M. E. 



46 WHEELING DIRECTORY. 



Surratt, David E. Harold, George A. Atzerodt and Lewis Payne, 
(whose real name was Lewis T. Powell, and the one who attacked 
Secretar}' Seward,) should be hanged ; and Michael O'Loughlin, 
Samuel Arnold and Dr. Mudd imprisoned for life, and Edward S pang- 
ler to be confined for six years. The execution of the sentence was 
one of the most summary on record ; it was made known to the pris- 
oners on the 6th, and at half-past one next day their spirits fled to that 
undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveler returns. 

The following items will give some idea of the immense labor which 
has devolved up n the court-martial : Total number of witnesses sub- 
penaed, 463 ; number of witnesses examined, 361 ; number examined, 
including recalls, 422 ; number snbpensed for prosecution, 247 ; num- 
ber actually examined, 198 ; number subpented for defence, 236 ; num- 
ber actually examined, 163 ; total number of pages of testimony, 
(legal cap,) 4,300, making a solid pile of manuscript somewhat over 
twenty-six inches high ; the arguments will make in addition, TOO. 
The vast mass of depositions, &c., taken by three Judge Advocates, 
prior to the opening of the case, employed five short-hand writers a 
fortnight, and will take two experienced clerks six weeks to brief and 
file away. 

Havoc of War. 

Official returns from the war office show that the deaths in the 
United States army, since the rebellion broke out in 1861, so far as 
heard from, with the estimate made for those returns not yet handed 
in, including starved prisoners, &c., will aggregate about 325,000. 
These are the deaths alone. When we estimate tlie wounded in the 
ratio of three for every one killed — which is less than tlie usual aver- 
age — we see at what a fearful sacrifice of life and limb the nation has 
preserved its existence. 

The war of 1756, waged in the heart of Europe, left, in one in- 
stance, no less than twenty contiguous villages without a single man or 
beast. The thirty years war, in the seventeenth century, reduced the 
population of Gennany from 12,000,000 to 3,000,000— three-fourths; 
and that of Wirtemburg, from 500,000 to 48,000 — more than nine- 
tenths ! Thirty thousand villages were destroyed ; in many others, 
the population entirely died out ; and in districts once studded with 
towns and cities, there sprang up immense forests. 

Look at the havoc of seiges ; in that of Londonderry 12,000 sol- 
diers, besides a vast number of inhabitants ; in that of Paris, in the 
sixteenth century, 30,000 victims of mere hunger ; in that of Malpla- 
quet, 34,000 soldiers alone ; in that of Ismail, 40,000 ; of Vienna, 
70,000 ; of Ostend, 120,000 ; of Mexico, 150,000 ; of Acre, 300,000 ; 
of Carthage, 100,000 ; of Jerusalem, 1,000,000 ! 

Of the French army in the Crimea, 1,500 men were slain in battle, 
50,000 perished by disease, and 65,000 more were discharged as inval- 
ids. Of nearly 94,000 English soldiers in the Crimea, 4,419 were 



WHEELING DIRECTORY. 4? 



slain ill battle or died of wounds ; but 16,298 died of diseases at the 
seat of war, and nearly 13,000 were sent home sick. 

Mark the slaughter of single battles. At Lepanto, 25,000 ; at 
Austcrlitz, 30,000 ; at Eylau, 60,000 ; at AVaterloo and Quailre 
Bras, one engagement in fact, 100,000 ; at Barodino, and Fontenoy, 
100,000 ; at Arbela, 300,000 ; at Chalons, 300,000 of Attilas army 
alone ; 400,000 Usipetes slain by Julius Cajsar in one battle, and 
430,000 Germans in another ! 

Take only two cases. The army of Xerxes, says Dr. Dick, must 
have amounted to 5,283,320 ; and if the attendants were only one- 
third as great as common at the present time in eastern countries, the 
sum total must have reached nearly 6,000,000. Yet in one year, this 
vast multitude was reduced, though not entirely by death, to 300,000 
fighting men ; and of these only 8,000 escaped destruction. Jenghis 
Kahn, the terrible ravager of Asia in the thirteenth century, shot 
90,000 on the plains of Nessa, and massacred 200,000 at the storming 
of Charaism. In the Herat district, he butchered 1,600,000 ; and in 
two citie.^j, with their dependencies, 1,700,000. During the last twenty- 
seven years of his long reign, he is said to have massacred more than 
half a million every year ; and, in the first fourteen years, he is sup- 
posed by Chinese history, to have destroyed not less than 18,000,000 ; 
a sum total of 32,000,000 in forty-one years ! 

In any view, what a fell destroyer is war ! Napoleon's war sacri- 
ficed some 0,000,000 ; and all the wars consequent on the French re- 
volution, some nine or ten millions. The Spaniards are said to have 
destroyed, in forty-two years, more than 12,000,000 of American 
Indians. Grecian wars sacrificed 15,000,000 ; Jewish wars, 25, 000,- 
000; the wars of the twelve Caesars, 80,000,000 ; in all the wars of 
the Romans, before Julius Coesar, 60,000,000 ; the wars of the Roman 
empire, of the Saracens and Turks, 60,000,000 each; those of the 
Tartars, 80,000,000 ; those of Africa, 100,000,000 ! " If we take 
into consideration," says the learned Dr. Dick, " the nnmber not only 
of those who have fallen in battle, but ot those who have per- 
ished through the natural consequences of war, it will not, per- 
haps, be over- rating the destruction of human life, if we were to 
affirm, that, one-tenth of the human race has been destroyed 
by the ravages of war ; and, according to this estimate, more than 
14,000,-000,000 of human beings have been slaughtered in war since 
the beginning of the world." Edmund Durke^weat still further, and 
reckoned the sum total of its ravages, from the first, at no less thsAi 
35,000,000,000. 



48 WHEELING DIRECTORY 



SKETCH OF WHEELING. 



Wheeling, the present Ca]3itol of Western Virginia, was first 
settled in 1710. The first settlement was made by Col. Ebenezer Zane, 
and liis brothers Jonathan, Silas and Isaac ; also, among the first 
pioneers were Lewis Wetzel, Samuel McCollock, Adam Poe and his 
brother. The name Wheeling was derived from the creek, which now 
divides the citj-, which was formerly si)ellcd Wheelin. Wheeling was 
first incorporated as a town in 1806, and as a city in 183G. A little 
more than 60 years ago it contained only about a dozen log and frame 
houses. The geographical position of Wheeling combines the agri- 
cultural advantages of an inland town with all the sources of prosperity 
arising from navigable water courses. Situated on the banks of the 
Ohio river it is at times accessible by water from any point of the 
Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and from the head of navigation to the 
Gulf of Mexico. The manufacturing facilities are not surpassed l)y 
any city in the United States. One of the main resources is the bitu- 
minous coal, which abounds here iu inexhaustible quantities. The 
manufacture of iron is carried on here rery extensively. Several large 
foundries are in full operation, giving employment to a great mmiber 
of workmen. Glass is also a manufacture of importance, and a large 
amount of flint and cut glass is annually produced. The Wheeling 
Wire Suspension Bridge, which spands the Ohio river at thfs place, is a 
structure which reflects great credit upon the builders. The si)an is 
1010 feet from the summit of tower to tower, leaving the entire width 
of the river unobstructed. The Act incorporating the Wheeling and 
Belmont Bridge Co., was passed March 19th, 1847, and in the same 
year the bridge was commenced, and was completed in Xov. 1849 ; in 
1854 it was destroyed by a gale of wind, and was replaced by a tem- 
porary structure till the year 1860, when the new work was completed. 
Wheeling also, in connection with its water communication cnjo}S 
extensive rail road facilities, it being the terminus of the Baltimore 



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